US Dollar Index holds gains above 98.50 as Middle East uncertainty prevails
- US Dollar Index gains on safe-haven demand amid Middle East uncertainty and Strait of Hormuz blockade.
- Iran fired on three ships in the Strait of Hormuz, escorting two into Iranian waters on Wednesday.
- Reuters poll indicates that 56 of 103 economists expect the Fed to hold rates at 3.5%–3.75% through September.
The US Dollar Index (DXY), which measures the value of the US Dollar (USD) against six major currencies, is extending its gains for the third successive day and trading around 98.70 during the Asian hours on Thursday.
The Greenback receives support from heightened safe-haven demand amid ongoing Middle East uncertainty and the blockade of the Strait of Hormuz. According to the Wall Street Journal, Iran fired on three ships in the Strait of Hormuz and escorted two of them into Iranian waters on Wednesday. Iranian media reported that the paramilitary Revolutionary Guard was moving the vessels to Iran, marking a further escalation, although White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said the seizures did not breach the terms of the ceasefire.
Iran continues to assert control over the Strait of Hormuz, restricting transit and targeting vessels. Iranian parliament speaker and chief negotiator Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf stated that reopening the strait would be “impossible” while the United States (US) and Israel persist with what he described as “flagrant” ceasefire violations, including the US naval blockade. Meanwhile, President Donald Trump said the current truce would remain in place indefinitely as Washington awaits a renewed peace proposal from Tehran.
The US Dollar also gains ground as rising energy prices have intensified inflation concerns and reduced expectations for Federal Reserve (Fed) rate cuts. A recent Reuters survey of economists showed that 56 out of 103 respondents expect the Fed to keep its policy rate within the current 3.5%–3.75% range at least through September.
US Dollar FAQs
The US Dollar (USD) is the official currency of the United States of America, and the ‘de facto’ currency of a significant number of other countries where it is found in circulation alongside local notes. It is the most heavily traded currency in the world, accounting for over 88% of all global foreign exchange turnover, or an average of $6.6 trillion in transactions per day, according to data from 2022. Following the second world war, the USD took over from the British Pound as the world’s reserve currency. For most of its history, the US Dollar was backed by Gold, until the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1971 when the Gold Standard went away.
The most important single factor impacting on the value of the US Dollar is monetary policy, which is shaped by the Federal Reserve (Fed). The Fed has two mandates: to achieve price stability (control inflation) and foster full employment. Its primary tool to achieve these two goals is by adjusting interest rates. When prices are rising too quickly and inflation is above the Fed’s 2% target, the Fed will raise rates, which helps the USD value. When inflation falls below 2% or the Unemployment Rate is too high, the Fed may lower interest rates, which weighs on the Greenback.
In extreme situations, the Federal Reserve can also print more Dollars and enact quantitative easing (QE). QE is the process by which the Fed substantially increases the flow of credit in a stuck financial system. It is a non-standard policy measure used when credit has dried up because banks will not lend to each other (out of the fear of counterparty default). It is a last resort when simply lowering interest rates is unlikely to achieve the necessary result. It was the Fed’s weapon of choice to combat the credit crunch that occurred during the Great Financial Crisis in 2008. It involves the Fed printing more Dollars and using them to buy US government bonds predominantly from financial institutions. QE usually leads to a weaker US Dollar.
Quantitative tightening (QT) is the reverse process whereby the Federal Reserve stops buying bonds from financial institutions and does not reinvest the principal from the bonds it holds maturing in new purchases. It is usually positive for the US Dollar.